Instalab ResearchThe good news is that when prostate cancer is found early, outcomes are dramatically better. Localized prostate cancer has a near perfect five year survival rate, while survival drops sharply once the disease spreads. Advances in early detection over the past three decades have already improved survival rates, but there is still much work to do to ensure more men are diagnosed before the cancer becomes advanced.
PSA, or prostate specific antigen, is a protein made by cells in the prostate. In healthy men, most PSA is released into semen, with only small amounts entering the bloodstream. Cancer cells disrupt this balance by releasing more PSA overall, which raises the total PSA level in the blood.
Traditionally, doctors have relied on total PSA alone as a screening measure. However, this test is not very specific because high total PSA can be caused not only by prostate cancer but also by benign conditions such as prostatitis or an enlarged prostate.
That is where free PSA provides extra value. PSA in the blood exists in two forms: bound to proteins or freely circulating (free PSA). Cancerous prostate cells tend to release PSA that is more often protein-bound, which lowers the percentage of free PSA. As a result, men with prostate cancer usually have both an elevated total PSA and a reduced free-to-total PSA ratio.
Because of this, measuring the proportion of free PSA adds important predictive power. A lower percentage of free PSA makes cancer more likely, while a higher percentage suggests the elevated total PSA is more likely due to non-cancerous conditions. This distinction helps reduce unnecessary biopsies and improves the accuracy of prostate cancer detection compared with relying on total PSA alone.
When a PSA result is abnormal, the first step is often to repeat the blood test to confirm it. If the finding persists, the next step is an MRI scan of the prostate. MRI provides a detailed image of the gland and helps doctors see whether a suspicious lesion is present. This reduces the need for unnecessary biopsies while ensuring that clinically significant cancers are not missed. If the MRI identifies a concerning area, a targeted biopsy can be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
The message this month is clear. Prostate cancer is very common, often silent in its early stages, and potentially deadly if ignored. Screening with total and free PSA, followed by MRI when results remain abnormal, gives men the best chance of finding prostate cancer early and dramatically improving survival. If you are 50 or older, or younger with a family history or other risk factors, we highly recommend you get screened.
